Immigration in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Migration in the US - Essay Example Individuals have commonly built up a negative recognition about digestion throughout the years. Absorption has been to a great extent saw as a procedure of wearing a phony personality. By and by, osmosis has assumed an essential job in the coordination of ethnic minorities in the propelled social orders. Along these lines, social digestion empowers the ethnic minorities to accomplish social solidarity without trading off upon their indigenous social qualities and standards. Pluralism, by definition is the reverse of absorption. Ethnic pluralism is the term utilized for such conditions that empower the ethnic minorities to keep their unique qualities and support ethnic heterogeneity. Ethnic pluralism is misjudged as a social procedure which segregates one ethnic gathering from the rest. A progressively judicious approach to characterize ethnic pluralism is meaning of a specific gathering in a bigger society. This is the motivation behind why ethnic pluralism offers ascend to a multiethnic culture as opposed to misshaping one enormous society into a few little social orders. Distinctive ethnic gatherings are interlinked by the financial and political frameworks in the general public. Albeit American culture is by enormous an assimilationist society, yet pluralistic components are very apparent at a few levels in the structure of the general public. Regardless of whether an individual is slanted towards absorption or ethnic pluralism in a general sense rel ies on his/her decision. Individuals that like to hold ethnicity as the most conspicuous factor of distinguishing proof are a greater amount of ethnic pluralists than assimilationists. Digestion and ethnic pluralism look like each other in that both involve various structures and measurements. A few measurements including the social and auxiliary measurements can be characterized for both osmosis and ethnic pluralism. Contrasts among singular ethnic gatherings support in both social frameworks. Both osmosis and ethnic pluralism are factors for social orders and gatherings and both happen at various

The Steps to Be Taken Towards a Green Future Free Essays

My Grandfather says, â€Å"Looking out the window isn't what it used to be†. I was not a 100% sure what he implied, so I asked him. He was discussing the entire idea of â€Å"Going Green†, the way that there is a restricted measure of the earths’ oil left and that landfills are transmitting huge amounts of nursery gasses into our environment. We will compose a custom paper test on The Steps to Be Taken Towards a Green Future or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Nobody thought about clean options in contrast to oil, for example, palm oil and Biodiesel, which is created from squander cooking oils as opposed to utilizing gas or diesel or that simply having a manure garden in your terrace could diminish the world’s trash even only a portion which is making a difference. This paper will go over approaches to bring down the utilization and use of petroleum products. Additionally, talk about methods of; bringing down contamination rates, wiping out atomic force and acquainting clean vitality choices with gas and power. Sun based Energy and Windmills are a major part in the perfect vitality development that individuals are beginning to battle for and my Grandfather’s age has no information about. In the expressions of Xavier Rudd â€Å"Thank you for your message however I don’t see, no I won’t comprehend. † People like my Grandfather never thought about what contamination could really do to the earth. Wind vitality is a stage that is being taken all through Europe (Krueger pg1). Numerous nations have begun to change their electrical utilization to clean vitality and not the advanced method of creating power, with magnets or atomic, which use gas to control the motors. All the world needs is the breeze and sun to give enough power to control the individuals who possess it. Today’s power plants run on petroleum derivatives and that contaminates the earth, which squander important assets. Either in a steam or gas turbine power plant they all depend on coal, oil or biomass to control at any rate one thing in the plant. However, in a breeze, geothermal, or hydroelectric fueled force plant the turbine is turned by the breeze, water or steam created from the earth to deliver the power. Despite the fact that atomic force plants don’t consume non-renewable energy sources to make the power they are as yet contaminating the earth and are a threat to humanity. Just as of late, Japan was hit by a torrent and an atomic controlled plant was hit. Atomic reactor after atomic reactor broke and began to turn into an issue for the earth and compromise the lives of the Japanese residents, yet of the world. With clean vitality the power can be made by mortgage holders, ranchers and the legislature. Everybody can get into the electrical game and even get paid for the power that they don't utilize and it can go to control somebody else’s home (Krueger 2). Contamination has continued for quite a while and begun fundamentally toward the start of the modern upheaval and it’s time for it to be settled. With the mechanical upheaval came vehicles, which are the greatest piece of the contamination issue. Another piece of the issue is the measure of paper that is utilized. The paper business is the reason maryjane is illicit, it is on the grounds that the hemp from pot could be utilized for paper, rope, dress, ect†¦ that they made the administration make it unlawful. Individuals don’t acknowledge how much paper is squandered in bathroom tissue, paper towels, tissue paper, books, magazines, papers, and office paper. Those things are produced using trees and nobody even ponders the trees. They have been here on this planet longer than use and we are chopping them down, just to make paper it appears. On the off chance that the measure of paper utilized remains in light of present conditions, at that point we will be all out of trees and plants to yet down to make paper without affecting our oxygen levels. The organizations weren’t in any event, planting the trees back up to this point when some began to plant new trees to begin to attempt to make a maintainable paper gracefully for what's to come. Trash is another primary toxin that is destroying our earth. In the trash there is an excess of recyclable and fertilizer capable merchandise that ought to be in reusing industrial facilities or manure heaps. Likewise, there is plastic, which was another creation from the mechanical upset (Calandri 235). Plastic is a non-biodegradable compound which implies that it can't deteriorate with characteristic procedures. Plastic is flooding the landfills of the world and something must be finished. Individuals need to begin reusing their plastic so as to secure the planet. We likewise should bring down the measure of waste that we put into our landfills, the two homes and cafés must do this (McCaffree 205). Individuals need to begin conmposting and monitoring water to spare the world. Another way that organizations are practicing environmental awareness is that they are utilizing green growth to channel the on the CO2 from the force plants’ exhaust gases to make the force plants’ coal consuming less contaminated for the earth (Going Green Literally pg17). The force plants are a major piece of the contamination issue with them consuming coal, and furthermore petroleum products to run their generators and machines. In the event that force plants begin to utilize the green growth to cycle their fumes the CO2 outflows can be brought down by 20% per power plant, which is a mess less ozone depleting substances being discharged into the climate. Clean vitality options in contrast to oil based goods are an approach to quit boring for oil to make into gas, diesel, manures, headache medicine, plastics and even fake hearts and pacemakers. A great many family unit and ordinary things are made with oil that you wouldn’t even believe were. Family Recreational exercises, for example, skiing and snowboarding use oil in the assembling of the sheets or skis, even contact focal points that have oil in them and without oil how might they work. I’m sure there would be something different that producers could utilize when making the focal points. Oil is a major industry that has its hang on a large portion of American items and even the world. Biogas is another type of clean vitality. It is additionally a supportable asset that is produced using grass and tree clippings, and café food squander (Corum 36). Today power plants are everywhere throughout the world and on the off chance that they get changed over to run of this maintainable asset than oil can be dispensed with from the force plants. With the force plants not utilizing oil and oil based commodities that measure of oil that is expected to live can be chopped down. FCC Expander Technology is the most ideal path for the oil organizations to make strides toward environmental friendliness. The FCC procedure is confused and utilizes all the waste items over again by reusing them into re-useable vitality (Carbonetto 79). The reused vitality from the vent gas has two or three things that it very well may be utilized for and I imagine that is a generally excellent employments of the un-useable gas. The Electric force age train in the oil plant has a ton of key advantages and architects have been planning the most vitality effective approaches to do the way toward making non-renewable energy sources (Carbonetto 83). The oil refining industry is beginning to think of approaches to spare vitality, lessen expenses and spare the situations. Palm oil and Biodiesel are side-effects of seeds. Biodiesel is produced using oil that has been utilized at eateries or different places and is a spotless consuming fuel denied from organic sources (Biodiesel pg2). Biodiesel delivers substantially less CO2 than standard diesel, biodegradable and is additionally non-poisonous. Palm oil then again, is produced using palm tree seeds (Yusoff 3). The palm trees develop in warm tropical atmospheres and two unique sorts of palm natural product oil originate from it. The first is unrefined palm oil from the seed and the second is rough palm piece oil produced using the portion. What is acceptable about palm oil is that palm trees are perpetual harvests and they are a maintainable asset. Taking everything into account, what needs to happen is that legislatures around the globe need to authorize new laws to secure the earth. The laws need to drive the utilization of clean vitality options in contrast to oil based goods. The choices are Biodiesel and Palm Oil to fuel our vehicles, trucks, planes, prepares and vessels. The contamination must be tended to close to spare the planet. There are many type of contamination and law implementation needs to execute increasingly severe laws and higher fines to prevent individuals from littering. Last thing that must be done is to push towards a future where power is produced using wind or water. Windmills and watermills are the eventual fate of power and don't have to utilize any petroleum products to control the generators. So as to become environmentally viable individuals and business must beginning moving towards a greener living and the utilization of products should be brought down by everybody. Instructions to refer to The Steps to Be Taken Towards a Green Future, Papers

Should You Study Abroad

Should You Study Abroad If Youre Thinking About Studying Abroad, Read This First If Youre Thinking About Studying Abroad, Read This First Studying abroad is an attractive option for a lot of people. You get to travel to a new country, learn about new cultures, and see the world from a completely different perspective. But it can also be a terrifying decision to make, especially if you’re not a very independent person to begin with. So, should you study abroad? Here are some key factors that should go into making your decision. The Pros and Cons of Studying Abroad If you’re tempted by the idea of studying abroad, but you aren’t really sure if you should do it, we’re here to help. We’re going to weigh the pros and cons for you to help you decide if this decision is right for you. Pro: It’s a Once-in-a-Lifetime Experience The main reason to study abroad is because it’s an amazing experience that could change your life. You get to immerse yourself in a new culture, learn new languages, and meet new people who can show you things you never knew existed. It’s amazing to get to see the way people live in different countries, and to get completely outside of your bubble at home to live like others do. Con: The Price Tag is Steep For many students, cost is a major factor holding them back from this experience. Tuition is high enough as it is, and now you’re adding in all of the extra costs of studying in another country. On top of that, most international students aren’t allowed to work in the country they study in because of visa laws or program specifications. However, it’s not all bad news in the cost department. There are grants available through many Canadian universities you can apply for, and there are also other programs with resources to help. In addition, some schools are now offering shorter programs to help offset the cost of staying for a long period of time. Pro: It Looks Fantastic on a Resume According to the Canadian Bureau for International Education, more than 80% of hiring managers feel that studying internationally is a huge asset in a potential candidate. When it comes time to graduate and begin applying for jobs in the working world, your resume is going to end up in a big stack among many other candidates’ applications. How do you make it stand out? Studying abroad is an excellent choice. Con: You Will be All Alone in a Foreign Country It’s extremely scary to travel alone, and it’s even scarier when you’re living in a brand new country. You’ll have to figure things out on your own, and for many people this might be the first time you’ve ever had to do anything like this. It might be uncomfortable until you learn to get around or speak the local language. However, this will only enhance your problem solving skills and contribute to your independence! Pro: It’ll Help You Figure Out What You Want to do With Your Life Many students who come back from studying abroad report that they have a stronger sense of what they want to do with their lives, and that the experience helped them focus on their career. Spending this time abroad will help you figure out what you really love doing and give you a ton of time to think about the opportunities you have. You might even learn a new skill while you’re over there that you’ll want to take to the next level! Con: Your Parents Might Not Support The Idea For many parents, the thought of their child heading off to a foreign country for a long period of time is frightening and just not doable. Additionally, some parents, especially those who are first or second generation parents from working families, might not understand the need to do something like this. It could be seen as just an excuse to travel or to get away from the country. However, many parents are also misinformed about the significance of studying abroad and the benefits that come from this experience. If you really are interested in studying abroad, but your parents don’t see the need for it, provide them with enough information and research to help them understand your perspective. Whatever you decide, if the times get tough, Homework Help Global is here to offer you the right solutions and support to get through the stress. We provide high-quality coursework writing services that can help you get through your assignments, essays, and papers, so you have less to worry about while you’re abroad. References: Johnson, T. (2016, May 25). Why do so many Canadian students refuse to study abroad? Retrieved from: Should You Study Abroad If Youre Thinking About Studying Abroad, Read This First If Youre Thinking About Studying Abroad, Read This First Studying abroad is an attractive option for a lot of people. You get to travel to a new country, learn about new cultures, and see the world from a completely different perspective. But it can also be a terrifying decision to make, especially if you’re not a very independent person to begin with. So, should you study abroad? Here are some key factors that should go into making your decision. The Pros and Cons of Studying Abroad If you’re tempted by the idea of studying abroad, but you aren’t really sure if you should do it, we’re here to help. We’re going to weigh the pros and cons for you to help you decide if this decision is right for you. Pro: It’s a Once-in-a-Lifetime Experience The main reason to study abroad is because it’s an amazing experience that could change your life. You get to immerse yourself in a new culture, learn new languages, and meet new people who can show you things you never knew existed. It’s amazing to get to see the way people live in different countries, and to get completely outside of your bubble at home to live like others do. Con: The Price Tag is Steep For many students, cost is a major factor holding them back from this experience. Tuition is high enough as it is, and now you’re adding in all of the extra costs of studying in another country. On top of that, most international students aren’t allowed to work in the country they study in because of visa laws or program specifications. However, it’s not all bad news in the cost department. There are grants available through many Canadian universities you can apply for, and there are also other programs with resources to help. In addition, some schools are now offering shorter programs to help offset the cost of staying for a long period of time. Pro: It Looks Fantastic on a Resume According to the Canadian Bureau for International Education, more than 80% of hiring managers feel that studying internationally is a huge asset in a potential candidate. When it comes time to graduate and begin applying for jobs in the working world, your resume is going to end up in a big stack among many other candidates’ applications. How do you make it stand out? Studying abroad is an excellent choice. Con: You Will be All Alone in a Foreign Country It’s extremely scary to travel alone, and it’s even scarier when you’re living in a brand new country. You’ll have to figure things out on your own, and for many people this might be the first time you’ve ever had to do anything like this. It might be uncomfortable until you learn to get around or speak the local language. However, this will only enhance your problem solving skills and contribute to your independence! Pro: It’ll Help You Figure Out What You Want to do With Your Life Many students who come back from studying abroad report that they have a stronger sense of what they want to do with their lives, and that the experience helped them focus on their career. Spending this time abroad will help you figure out what you really love doing and give you a ton of time to think about the opportunities you have. You might even learn a new skill while you’re over there that you’ll want to take to the next level! Con: Your Parents Might Not Support The Idea For many parents, the thought of their child heading off to a foreign country for a long period of time is frightening and just not doable. Additionally, some parents, especially those who are first or second generation parents from working families, might not understand the need to do something like this. It could be seen as just an excuse to travel or to get away from the country. However, many parents are also misinformed about the significance of studying abroad and the benefits that come from this experience. If you really are interested in studying abroad, but your parents don’t see the need for it, provide them with enough information and research to help them understand your perspective. Whatever you decide, if the times get tough, Homework Help Global is here to offer you the right solutions and support to get through the stress. We provide high-quality coursework writing services that can help you get through your assignments, essays, and papers, so you have less to worry about while you’re abroad. References: Johnson, T. (2016, May 25). Why do so many Canadian students refuse to study abroad? Retrieved from:

Dominican Music and Film Essay - 2093 Words

Dominican Music and Film The Caribbean island nation of the Dominican Republic is little known by most Americans, but America is ever present in the Dominican consciousness. Until Sammy Sosa and Mark McGuire went head to head in the legendary homerun battle of 1998, few Americans were aware of any American-Dominican rivalry in western hemispheric culture. Nothing gave Dominicans more pride than to see Sosa hold Major League Baseballs homerun record, albeit for less than 24 hours before McGuire reclaimed U.S. dominance in Americas favorite pastime. Only merengue, a tropical music and dance form, exceeds baseball in its ability to raise Dominican nationalist sentiment vis-à  -vis the United States. For years, Dominican musicians and†¦show more content†¦During the dictatorship, popular lyrics extolled the virtues of Trujillismo even as it was speciously based on terror and rule by a mano dura (iron fist). After Trujillo was killed in an assassination plot that many Dominicans deemed heroic (see next page), merengue faced an uncertain future. Artists trained during the trujillato, including king of merengue Johnny Ventura, summarily dropped the overt propaganda, but they emerged from the Trujillo era with a heightened awareness of the power of their craft. Johnny Ventura would later become an active political figure, and in 1998, win the mayoral election of Santo Domingo, the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic. In an interview in the summer of 2000, Johnny Ventura asserts, I believe getting involved#8212;not just the artists#8212;in the search for solutions to the great wrongs and problems that we [Dominicans] face should be everyones obligation. Of course the great majority of Dominican leaders are non-artists, but Venturas statement highlights an assumption in Dominican culture that merengueros can make serious contributions to Dominican society and politics. Monumento a la muerte del Tirano Trujillos Death Monument De 1930 a 1961, el tirano Rafael Leonidas Trujillo dirigià ³ la Repà ºblica Dominicana como dictador y se mantuvo en el poder mediante el imperio del terror. En 1961 su auto fueShow MoreRelatedCrash and Racism886 Words   |  4 PagesPaul Haggis’ Crash is a drama set in the Los Angels area, the main concept of the film is racial and social tensions in L.A., Paul Haggis claims that it’s a â€Å"passion piece† due to it being inspired by a real life incident wherein his car was stolen outside a store in 1991 as he clearly states on the Crash commentary track. Now my reaction to this film was at first shocked and in awe of the brutality of the first 30 minutes. Such as Anthony and Peter’s discussion in the first few minutes aboutRead MoreLatin American Music And Its Impact On America915 Words   |  4 Pagesa lot of contributions to the USA such as military, language, fine arts, literal arts, music, politics, food and others. Economic Music Hispanic’s music had a great impact in USA. Nowadays, Americans listen to Hispanics’ music. Hispanics’ music now is part of American’s culture. These changes in USA began around of 19th century, when Hispanics immigration increases in the USA. One of the big changes in music occurred around 1940s, when Americans began to recognize the efforts of Cuban-American musiciansRead MoreStart of Music Videos Were Much Different from Today Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesMusic videos have come a long way in upcoming years, but how did they originally start off? Where did the idea come from and who invented it? Well the first video recorded in history is dated back to 1958 by Ladislav Rychman. It was just a music video or back them more commonly referred to as an illustrated song called Dame si do bytu, It was independently recorded. So how have they evolved over time since then? By creative minds at work creating the video age to which we know today including 3-DRe ad More The Role of Music in Puerto Rican Popular Culture Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Music in Puerto Rican Popular Culture What is Puerto Rican music like? Where did it develop, and around when did it develop? What makes it up? These are very valid questions for someone who does not know anything about Puerto Rican music or Latin music in general. To understand Puerto Rican music and what it means to Puerto Rican people in general, you must look at the beginning. First there are different kinds of music that can be considered Puerto Rican. In general, SalsaRead MoreDisco Music1507 Words   |  7 PagesMatt Crane 8-19-06 Music Back in the late 1960s, disco originated as a combination of many instruments played together. It was in 1969 when Jerry Butler released his latest song ‘Only the Strong Survive’ that we got our very first disco song. This was the birth of disco but then it was a form of music which hadn’t been named. Four years and many songs later on the 13th of September 1973, Vince Aletti wrote an article in the Rolling Stone Magazine which gave this music form its name â€Å"DISCO†Read MoreA Common Problem Faced By Immigrants Essay1809 Words   |  8 Pagesimmigrants and refugees are left with the added struggle of maintaining their social identity, culture, and kinship when acclimating to a new environment. In order to properly explain this topic, I draw on the information from several articles, lectures, films, and interviews I have conducted with close family and friends. A common problem faced by immigrants is social identity. Social identity refers to the need to identify as a member of a group and not merely as an individual. Man is a social being andRead MoreEssay on Brazilian Sweet Fifteenth Birthday Party1636 Words   |  7 Pagesto have 15 girls and 15 boys to escort her. According to Bruno, Jennily’s cousin, this represents every year she was born plus one more year for good luck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After leaving the church the families proceed to go outside the church to capture on film every moment of this one in a lifetime event. The Sweet 15 girl, Jennily, took pictures with everybody, this is a very important day and most be remember even by those who did not attend. While this is happening other relatives and friends leave toRead MoreThe Global Slave Trade By David Batstone Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagesimage of Julia Roberts in Pretty Woman dancing around in their head† it made me realize that social media and films and music promote a very unrealistic idea of prostitution, sex trafficking and the slave trade all together (Batstone 173). As a globalized world, we tend to create fantasies in our head of how we imagine things will be, usually influenced by what we see on TV or the music we listen to. A big step we as bystanders can do is; stop promoting all these false ideologies of these horrificRead MoreLa Ultima Cena5991 Words   |  24 Page sintroduced to dome characters. The Count, who is the master of the plantation, the overseer Manuel whose violent nature is polar opposites of the count and the priest of the church works under the name of God. One of the first reoccurring themes of this film is how slaves viewed Christianity and religion in general. The father states that the Negroes do not seem to show any sort of interest for converting to Christianity. The father states â€Å"If only they feared God† which in terms showed how the Cuban whitesRead MoreThe History of Dance9217 Words   |  37 PagesDance, movements orchestrated with music, to express the way you feel. The first forms of dance came around in 6000 B.C, originating from India. The Hindu dance Gods Krishnu Shiva is the most common God portrayed through dance, especially found in Bharata Natyam and Nyark Sharky, also known as Belly Dance. In Southeast India, it is normal as a young female to learn the ways of Bharata Natyam. Bharata Natyam is w idely known for its sculpturesque poses and art of story telling, mostly performed only

New Technology Within Medicine And Its Effects On The...

An increase in new technology within medicine is often thought to be advancement within society, because it increases the overall health of a population. Human innovations like full-body imaging through Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI, minimally invasive surgeries through the use of a robot called the Da Vinci, and the development of antibiotic prescriptions has increased life expectancies and assisted medical professionals to properly diagnose and treat a patient. However, these inventions do not come without consequence. For example, though antibiotics have saved millions of lives, it has also allowed the development of â€Å"super bugs†. These new bacteria have evolved to become stronger and more fit so they can evade the antibiotic, killing a great amount of individuals and becoming the next threat in medicine. Nevertheless, most professionals agree that antibiotics are still crucial to saving lives from bacterial infections and despite the negative side effects, this tr eatment has prolonged life. Therefore, it can be determined that the advantages of using antibiotics for treatment, in spite of not knowing the consequences when antibiotics were first used, outweigh the disadvantages (Aminov, Rustam I., 2010). This idea of determining or integrating new inventions within society without understanding all of the risks can be used to assess whether a new invention, genetically modified mosquitoes, should be used to help decrease the prevalence of diseases such as MalariaShow MoreRelatedPatient Protection And Affordable Care Act1513 Words   |  7 PagesPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act—Technology The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH) was put into place following the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009 and was designed to foster the acceptance and purposeful use of health information technology. With the creation and implementation of a national health care infrastructure related to the electronic health care record system among providers, a revision of the current lawRead MoreHealth Care Issues in the United States1242 Words   |  5 Pages#1 – Health Care Issues in the United States July 17, 2011 Because the United States spends the most on a health care system, one would think that most people in the U.S. would be healthy. This is not the case. Surprisingly, the United States does not have a particularly high life expectancy rate. Within this paper I will discuss heath issues in the United States including how heath effects behavior, economics, and social structure. I will also include key stages of medical technology developmentRead MoreEvaluation of Genetically Modified Foods Essay example684 Words   |  3 Pagesof genetics. Many recognised that this new knowledge had the potential to revolutionise food production, creating huge benefits for the world. GM food promises to provide enormous benefits. Many modified crops could boost prosperity in the developing world and provide new choices for consumers. But there are huge risks involved in tampering with natures code. GM foods could have unpredictable effects on the environment and on our health. The debate surrounding geneticallyRead MoreEpidemiology, The Science Of Preventive Medicine1508 Words   |  7 Pagespreventive medicine, provides a framework for studying and understanding these interactions. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and the determinants of states of health and illness in human populations. The basic conceptual framework of epidemiology is the interaction among the agent, host, and environment—the epidemiological triad. Epidemiology is considered both as a methodology used to study health-related conditions and as an accumulated body of knowledge about a state of health. NursesRead MoreRoot Cause Analysis And Rca1597 Words   |  7 Pagestool used both reactively, to investigate an adverse event that already has occurred, and proactively, to analyze and improve processes and systems before they break down. Roost cause analysis helps dissolve the problem, not just the symptoms. In health care, it is important to analyze the root caus e because: (1) deficiencies and weaknesses in the system can lead to human errors (2) evidence shows that in organizations with high trust the systematic errors can reveal the deficient system flaws (3)Read MoreDomestic Abuse And Its Effects On People s Health923 Words   |  4 Pagesencounters exposed me to the harsh realities of an underdeveloped society and the effect they had on people s health. I started seeing life in a new light, with a broader perspective and lesser complaints. It was my thirst for knowledge and a quest for adventure that led me to work as a Medical Officer in a rural hospital for 2 years. The hospital was a referral center for three neighboring districts serving a population of about 600,000. We were a group of young doctors, and our job came with responsibilitiesRead MoreIntegrating Traditional Medicine with Western Medicine992 Words   |  4 Pagestraditional and modern systems in the Nigerian health care delivery. Research Question: To what extent, if any, has traditional medicine in comparison to Bio-Medical practice, been incorporated to the health care delivery systems in Nigeria and how much promotion is given to the significance and efficacy of the practice of traditional medicine in curing same illness? Abstract: The practice of traditional medicine among the people of Nigeria in the Western regionRead MoreVeterans Swot Analysis1344 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"operates one of the largest health care delivery systems in the nation, with 168 medical centers and more than 1,000 outpatient facilities organized into regional networks† (GAO, 2017). The VA employs nearly 350,000 people at its facilities and serves approximately 9 million veterans each year (VA, 2017). SWOT ANALYSIS GRID STRENGTHS: (Internal) †¢ Employee training/education †¢ Increased staffing †¢ Increased budget †¢ Advanced medicine/research †¢ Advanced Technologies †¢ Continuously search for innovativeRead MoreMalthus s Theory Of The Demographic Transition Theory1279 Words   |  6 Pages economists, and environmentalist’s struggle to find a solution to our â€Å"growing† problem. One theory that explains this population change is the demographic transition theory. This theory, defined as a thesis that links population patterns to a society’s level of technological development (Macionis, 2013 p. 636), suggests that the key to population control lies in technology. Demographic transition theory is a general description of the mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move fromRead MoreDemographic Transition Model Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesthe fact of the rise of new technology and the change of living habits such as sanitation and a healthier way of living. The change that had occurred had brought forth global observation; the reason being is that life expectancy was becoming longer. Within this change, a graph was created called the Demographic Transition Model. This graph recorded and explained the observation of the numbers of death and birth rates throughout the years. The demographic transition was new to explain the change from

Language Learning Strategy Use And Academic Achievement Education Essay Free Essays

string(64) " the scholars are required to describe on the schemes they use\." Research on linguistic communication larning schemes began in the sixtiess. It was infl uenced by the development of cognitive psychological science. Until the debut of cognitive psychological science, anterior research on 2nd linguistic communication acquisition and instruction focused chiefly on methods of learning, alternatively of on scholar features and the procedure of geting a 2nd linguistic communication ( Wenden, 1987 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Language Learning Strategy Use And Academic Achievement Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the coming of cognitive theories research in 2nd linguistic communication instruction has bit by bit shifted toward the scholar or scholar centered attacks in an effort to heighten scholar ‘s liberty and independency. In this manner, â€Å" independent scholars assume duty for finding the intent, content, beat and method of their acquisition, supervising its advancement and measuring its results † ( Holec, 1981, p.3 ) . This has resulted in a turning involvement in research in linguistic communication acquisition schemes ( LLS ) which are believed to â€Å" lend to the development of the linguistic communication system which the scholar concepts and impact larning straight † ( Rubin, 1987, p. 22 ) . Research in this field has gained prominence since the mid-1970s by the seminal surveies of Rubin ( 1975 ) and Stern ( 1975 ) . They attempted to research the schemes employed by good linguistic communication scholars and how the instructors can use these schemes to assist the less successful scholars to better their public presentation. Since so, copiousness of surveies have been conducted in the country of LLSs to research the important function linguistic communication larning schemes play a in L2/FL acquisition ( Abraham A ; Vann, 1987, O’Malley A ; Chamot, 1990 ; Oxford et al. , 1989,1993, 1995 ; among others ) Definition of larning schemes Learning schemes have been defined in a assortment of ways. Wenden and Rubin ( 1987 ) specify them as â€Å" any sets of operations, stairss, programs, modus operandis used by the scholar to ease the obtaining, storage, retrieval, and usage of information † ( p.19 ) . In their influential survey, O’Malley and Chamot ( 1990 ) defined LLS as â€Å" the particular ideas or behaviors that persons use to assist them grok, larn, or retain new information † ( p. 1 ) . Oxford ( 1992,1993 ) illustrates LLS as â€Å" specific actions, behaviors, stairss, or techniques that pupils ( frequently deliberately ) usage to better their advancement in developing L2 accomplishments. These schemes can ease the internalisation, storage, retrieval, or usage of the new linguistic communication. Schemes are tools for the autonomous engagement necessary for developing communicative ability † ( p. 18 ) . Finally, Cohen ( 1998 ) defined larning schemes as â€Å" the stairss or acti ons consciously selected by scholars to better the acquisition of a 2nd linguistic communication, the usage of it, or both † ( p. 5 ) . Features of LLS Among the assorted features emerged in the LLS literature, Oxford identifies twelve of import characteristics of strategies.According to Oxford acquisition schemes contribute to the chief end, communicative competency allow scholars to go self directed spread out the function of instructors are job oriented are specific actions taken by the scholar involve many actions taken by the scholar, non merely cognitive support larning both straight and indirectly are non ever discernible are frequently witting are flexible are influenced by a assortment of factors ( p.9 ) Lessard-Clouston ( 1997 ) besides summarizes basic characteristics of LLS.First LLS are generated by the scholar and s/he bit by bit takes these stairss in the procedure of linguistic communication acquisition. Second, linguistic communication acquisition is enhanced by the usage of LLS which help develop linguistic communication competency, as reflected in the scholar ‘s accomplishments in hearing, speech production, reading, or composing the L2 or FL. Third, LLS may be seeable ( behaviors, stairss, techniques, etc. ) or unobserved ( ideas, mental procedures ) . Fourth, LLS involve information and memory ( vocabulary cognition, grammar regulations, etc. ) . Taxonomy of LLSs As noted above, early categorizations of LLSs merely provided a list of schemes based on the good scholars ‘ public presentation ( Rubin, 1975 ; Stern, 1973 ) . However, more recent taxonomies categorize schemes either harmonizing to their direct/indirect part to linguistic communication acquisition ( Rubin, 1987 ) , or the degree and type of information processed by linguistic communication scholars when they apply such schemes ( O’Malley et al. , 1985a ; O’Malley and Chamot, 1990 ) . Based on anterior survey consequences, Oxford ( 1990 ) devised a linguistic communication larning scheme system ( See Table 1 ) , known as Strategy Inventory for Language Learning ( SILL ) , in which she classifies LLS into two major groups of direct ( including memory, cognitive, compensation ) and indirect ( metacognitive, affectional, societal ) schemes. Direct schemes are defined as those that are involved in witting mental procedures, whereas indirect schemes are non consciously applied but are indispensable to linguistic communication learning.Each class is so divided into six subcategories, which harmonizing to Oxford, are interrelated and back up each other. Table 1 Oxford ‘s Language Learning Strategy System ( Oxford, 1990, p. 17 ) Type Primary Schemes Secondary Schemes Direct Schemes 1. Memory schemes Aid scholars store and recover new information A. Creating mental linkages B. Applying images and sounds C. Reviewing good D. Employing action 2. Cognitive schemes Applied by scholars to better understand and bring forth the mark linguistic communication A. Practicing B. Receiving and directing messages C. Analyzing and concluding D. Creating construction for input and end product 3. Compensation schemes Used for get the better ofing lacks in cognition of the mark linguistic communication A. Thinking intelligently B. Overcoming restrictions in speech production and composing Indirect Schemes 1. Metacognitive schemes Allow scholars to command their ain knowledge A. Centering your acquisition B. Arranging and be aftering your acquisition C. Evaluating your acquisition 2. Affectional schemes Refer to the methods that help scholars to modulate emotions, motive, and attitudes A. Lowering your anxiousness B. Promoting yourself C. Taking your emotional temperature 3. Social schemes Include interaction with others through the mark linguistic communication A. Asking inquiries B. Collaborating with others C. Empathizing with others Oxford ‘s categorization of larning schemes has been the most comprehensive one to day of the month ( Ellis, 1994 ) . and has been used in a considerable figure of surveies in assorted states. Research on LLSs The research on LLSs has preponderantly been descriptive since the scholars are required to describe on the schemes they use. You read "Language Learning Strategy Use And Academic Achievement Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" In this manner, the research workers are able to look into the effects of scholar features such as gender, age, proficiency degree, larning manners, and affectional factors, like motive, on scheme usage, ( Chamot, 2004 ) . Research indicates that linguistic communication scholars at all degrees use schemes ( Chamot A ; Kupper, 1989 ) , but that some or most scholars are non to the full cognizant of the schemes they use or the schemes that might be most good to use ( Oxford, 1989 ) . It appears that good linguistic communication scholars orchestrate and combine their usage of peculiar types of schemes in more efficient ways ( Chamot A ; Kupper, 1989 ; O’Malley and Chamot, 1990 ; Oxford, 1993 ) . Rossi-Le ( 1995 ) found that more adept EFL pupils used self-management schemes such as planning, rating and formal pattern significantly more frequently than less adept pupils. Khaldieh ( 2000 ) studies that higher degrees of linguistic communication proficiency have besides been associated with less anxiousness and more assurance, which denotes the significance of affectional factors act uponing the scholar ‘s public presentation on a undertaking. Surveies have revealed that consciousness of undertaking demands and metacognitive cognition sing scheme choice are major differentiations between successful and unsuccessful scholars ( Abraham A ; Vann, 1987 ; Khaldieh, 2000 ; O’Malley A ; Chamot, 1990 ) . Harmonizing to some research findings, cognitiv e and metacognitive schemes extremely correlate with high linguistic communication proficiency degrees ( Peacock and Ho, 2003 ) . In some of these surveies, nevertheless, the positive relationship between the figure of schemes used and linguistic communication proficiency is partly supported ( e.g. , Abraham A ; Vann, 1987 ; Khaldieh, 2000 ) . Other research workers even found that, both successful and unsuccessful scholars actively use a great assortment of schemes, but in different ways. These unsuccessful scholars, nevertheless, normally fail to choose the most appropriate schemes ( Chamot et al. , 1988 ; Chamot A ; El-Dinary, 1999 ; Vandergrift, 1997 ; Vann A ; Abraham, 1990 ) . A figure of research surveies interestingly suggest that the appropriate pick of schemes will help scholars to derive more proficiency. This, in bend, likely leads the proficient scholars to the pick of more active schemes ( MacIntre, 1994 ; Green and Oxford, 1995 ) . LLSs and types of scholars ‘ proficiency A great figure of research surveies have highlighted the relationship between larning schemes and scholars ‘ proficiency in which the consequences show that more adept linguistic communication scholars use a greater assortment larning schemes ( Rahimi et at. , 2008 ; Griffiths, 2003 ; Lee, 2003 ; Anderson, 2005 ; Bruen, 2001 ; Green and Oxford, 1995 ; O’Malley and Chamot, 1990 ; Ehrman, and Oxford, 1989 ) . Research workers have utilized a battalion of ways to find pupils ‘ proficiency in the foreign linguistic communication including standardised trials such as TOEFL ( Arroyo, 2005 ) , pupils ‘ GPAs in English classs ( Shmais, 2003 ; Radwan, 2011 ) , linguistic communication accomplishment trials ( O’Mara A ; Lett, 1990 ) , linguistic communication class classs and arrangement scrutinies ( Mullin, 1992 ) , instructors ‘ judgements about their pupils ( Magogwe A ; Oliver, 2007 ) , continuance of survey ( Khalil, 2005 ; Rahimi et Al. 2008 ; Radw an, 2011 ) , and self-ratings ( Oxford A ; Nyikos, 1989 ) . Due to the demand for more probe on all facets of scholar ‘s proficiency, the current survey enterprises to concentrate on the studtents ‘ GPA tonss, and continuance of English survey, as two steps of English proficiency, with the pupils ‘ study on their pick of LLSs. The findings would uncover the benefits and deficits of such steps and how good they could foretell the scholars ‘ usage of LLSs. Purpose of the survey This survey examines the usage of larning schemes reported by Persian English scholars and its relationship to the pupils ‘ academic success determined by their GPA tonss and the old ages of English survey they have completed. Research inquiries 1. What are the most frequent acquisition schemes used by the EFL scholars? 2. Be at that place any relationship between the usage of EFL linguistic communication larning schemes in general and the pupils ‘ academic success? 3. Is at that place any relationship between classs of schemes and pupils ‘ academic accomplishment? 4. Is there a important difference between first twelvemonth and 2nd twelvemonth pupils with respect to their perceived scheme usage? Method Sample: The topics take parting in the survey comprise 107 male and female Iranian university pupils analyzing English in a two -year plan to acquire their Associate ‘s grade in Teaching English. They are either first -year or 2nd -year pupils whose age ranges between 19 to 31. Instruments: In order to mensurate scheme usage, Oxford ‘s ( 1990 ) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning ( SILL ) designed for EFL/ESL scholars is used in this survey. The SILL uses a five-point Likert-type graduated table runing from 1 ( â€Å" Never or about ne’er true of me † ) to 5 ( â€Å" Always or about ever true of me † ) . It consists of 50 statements about the schemes used by linguistic communication scholars covering six wide classs of schemes, each represented by a figure of points. 1 ) Memory schemes ( 9items ) 2 ) Cognitive schemes ( 14 points ) 3 ) Compensation schemes ( 6 points ) 4 ) Metacognitive schemes: ( 9 points ) 5 ) Affective schemes ( 6 points ) 6 ) Social schemes ( 6 points ) Dependability for the SILL ( Oxford, 1990 ) is high across many cultural groups with Cronbach ‘s alpha for internal consistence 0.93-0.98 ( Oxford A ; Burry- Stock, 1995 ) . In this survey, the SILL was presented in Iranian to the participants to guarantee that possible failure to understand the instructions or inquiries would non impact the responses. The research worker used Pishghadam ‘s ( 2008 ) Iranian version of SILL, which yielded a Cronbach alpha value of 0.96. Using the responses from the current participants, the dependability of SILL, as determined by Cronbach ‘s alpha, was 0.93. The pupils ‘ academic success are judged based on their overall GPA mark on academic classs. Data analysis process The undermentioned processs were carried out on the informations: 1 ) ciphering descriptive statistics ( mean, frequence A ; standard divergence ) for all classs of SILL 2 ) carry oning correlativity analysis to find the significance of the relationship between scheme usage, and academic success of the pupils, 3 ) Calculating mated sample T- Trial to see whether there is any important difference the between first twelvemonth and 2nd twelvemonth pupils in footings of their sensed scheme usage. The findings of the survey Overall scheme usage To reply the first inquiry, descriptive statistics for the full SILL, the six subcategories of SILL, and the person SILL points were calculated. Harmonizing to Oxford ( 1990, p. 300 ) , average tonss that fall between 1.0 and 2.4 are defined as â€Å" low † scheme usage, 2.5 and 3.4 as â€Å" medium † scheme usage, and 3.5 and 5.0 as â€Å" high † scheme usage. The participants reported a medium frequence for the mean scheme usage on the full SILL ( M = 3.49, SD = 0.48 ) every bit good as the six classs of the SILL ( see Table1 ) . Among the six scheme classs, the participants reported utilizing metacognitive schemes most often and affectional and compensation schemes least often. Table 1: Descriptive statistics for Six SILL Categories of all pupils N= 107 SILL Categories Mean Std. Deviation Rank Metacognitive 4.21 .804 1 Social 3.67 .800 2 Cognitive 3.46 .580 3 Memory 3.24 .726 4 Compensation 3.09 .657 5 Affectional 3.08 .571 6 Analyzing the usage of the single scheme points for the full group, it was found that they often apply all the metacognitive schemes to form and measure their acquisition. The points like I think about my advancement in larning SL, I try to happen out how to be a better scholar of SL. , I pay attending when person is talking SL and I look for chances to read every bit much as possible in SL are the most often reported schemes severally. However, the least-used points were those that involved reading and composing in English such as, I write down my feelings in a linguistic communication larning dairy, and I read SL without looking up every new word. Relationship between LLS and GPA To examine for the additive relationship between pupils ‘ overall scheme usage and their GPA, a correlational analysis was performed. The obtained correlativity coefficient ( r = 025 ) demonstrated no important relationship between reported scheme usage and pupils ‘ GPA. Similar consequences were observed for the 3rd research inquiry. In other words, there was no important relationship between SILL classs and pupils ‘ GPA ( See table 2 ) . Memory Cognitive Compensation Metacognitive Affectional Social Pearson R .047 .629 .025 .306 .076 .306 .097 .320 .070 .476 .088 .365 Significance ( 2-tailed ) Table 2. Correlation coefficient obtained for all SILL classs The mean mark for more successful pupils ( M= 3.45 ) and less successful pupils ( M=3.51 ) in footings of their obtained GPA in academic classs showed similar forms for their scheme usage with somewhat higher mean for less successful pupils. Difference between old ages of survey and reported scheme usage The analysis of informations for the sophomore pupils showed a somewhat lower mean mark ( M= 3.42 ) than the first- twelvemonth ( M= 3.51 ) pupils in footings of their sensed scheme usage. As respects the 4th research inquiry, an independent t-test was run to examine any important difference between the old ages of survey completed by the pupils and their reported usage of schemes. The T observed value of.70 ( df.= 104, P= 0.5 ) denotes that there is a no important difference between the two groups. Therefore, the void hypothesis that there is no important difference between the two variables is verified ( Table 3 ) . Table 3. T-test consequences for the first twelvemonth and 2nd twelvemonth pupils F Sig. T df Sig. ( 2-tailed ) Average Difference Std. Error Difference Equal discrepancies assumed .043 .836 .700 104 .485 .08169 .11670 Equal discrepancies non assumed .744 68.125 .460 .08169 .10981 Discussion The findings of the present survey showed that Persian EFL scholars use larning schemes reasonably. They tend to utilize metacognitive schemes more often. This reflects the pupils ‘ efforts to go proficient in the mark linguistic communication. Among the top 10 schemes used by all participants, five belong to the metacognitive schemes. These schemes are necessary for successful linguistic communication acquisition, since they, as indicated by Oxford ( 1990 ) , aid scholars coordinate and heighten their ain acquisition procedure through monitoring and measuring linguistic communication usage, planning, concentrating, forming, and seeking chances to utilize the language.. A figure of other research surveies report the scholars ‘ penchant for metacognitive schemes ( Whorton. 2000 ; Goh A ; Foong, 1997 ; Hong-Nam A ; Leavell, 2006 ; Magogwe A ; Oliver, 2007 ; Rahimi et Al. 2008 ; Pishghadam, 2008 among others ) . The Persian scholars ‘ frequent usage of metacognitive schemes may hold been influenced by the learning attack adopted in the Persian EFL schoolrooms ( Rahimi et al, 2008 ) . The analysis of informations demonstrated that the more successful pupils in footings of their GPA were non better scheme users than less successful pupils. Shmais ( 2003 ) besides found no relationship between pupils ‘ GPA and their frequence of scheme usage. It seems that pupils ‘ GPA might be affected by some other factors and in some scenes lacks the explanatory power to foretell LLS usage. Similarly, some surveies ( Green, 1991 ; Phillips, 1991, as cited in Park, 1997 ) have reported a curvilinear relationship between the usage of schemes and the proficiency degrees of the participants ; the low degree proficiency scholars tend to utilize the schemes more often than those in a higher degree. The bulk of these surveies show that the pupils in the mid-proficiency group used the schemes more often than the highand low-proficiency groups. The continuance of survey represented as freshman and sophomore pupils, in this survey, showed no important difference in LLS usage. Normally, it is assumed that an addition in the old ages of survey would ensue in higher proficiency degrees by scholars which would, in bend, lead to an addition in their scheme usage. However, in this context it was revealed that the continuance of survey does non needfully take to scholars ‘ more scheme usage. This determination is in line with some other research surveies ( Rahimi et al. 2008, Radwan, 2011 ) in which first-year pupils reported a higher degree of scheme usage. In other words, it does non follow a additive relationship between scheme usage and continuance of the survey. Decision This survey was an effort to look into the relationship between pupils ‘ perceptual experience of LLS usage and their overall proficiency, determined by the university GPA scores. The consequences showed that this relationship is non ever additive and straightforward. Strategy usage is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by other variables in assorted ways. The context of the survey does hold a important consequence on the pupils ‘ usage of schemes, which may take to contradictory consequences. It has been revealed that Persian scholars employ metacognitive schemes more often than other schemes. The scholars may hold been influenced by the instruction attack practiced in the Persian EFL schoolrooms ( Rahimi et al, 2008 ) such as paying attending, consciously seeking for pattern chances, be aftering for linguistic communication undertakings, self-evaluating one ‘s advancement, and monitoring mistakes. Wharton ‘s ( 2000 ) observation in Singapore besides suggest that the scholars as alone persons and the context of larning play a function in the pick of scholars ‘ schemes. The SILL might non ever be able to account for all the schemes employed by the scholar. On the other manus, there remains the possibility that scholars may describe on the schemes which they do n’t really utilize. Research methodological analysis could be enriched by using multiple informations aggregation processs such as interviews and schoolroom observation combined with the usage of SILL questionnaire, to give farther and possibly more trusty findings ( Chun-Lai, 2009 ) . The fact that more successful and less successful pupils, in some manner, follow similar scheme forms denotes that they have non received any formal direction in using LLS. Most of these schemes have likely been learned habitually and unconsciously. Therefore, developing pupils in utilizing larning schemes and promoting them to be cognizant of their ain alone ways of larning would do them independent and efficient scholars. The failing of this survey is the limited figure of variables which have been studied in relation to larning schemes. More research is needed to see other of import societal and affectional variables which could play a function in the pick of LLSs. How to cite Language Learning Strategy Use And Academic Achievement Education Essay, Essay examples

Billy Mithcell Essay Example For Students

Billy Mithcell Essay General William Billy Mitchell Air Force PioneerGeneral William Billy Mitchell is one of the most vague heroes of the 20th century. Not many people know what he did for our country. Billy Mitchell is one of the reasons the United States has a superior military power as compared to any other country.Billy Mitchell is the Father of the United States Air Force. Without his influence in the further outlook of air force power, we might have never become the military country we are today. Billy Mitchell is one of the most famous and controversial person in the American air force. Some saw him as a far-sighted military leader, but others saw him as radical egotist who opposed anyone who did not agree on his advancement of the United States Air Force. Billy Mitchell was born in Nice, France, in 1879. He was the son of a rich Wisconsin Senator and grandson of a wealthy railroad owner; his life can be seen as an ironic one. Billy Mitchell grew up in Milwaukee, and was educated at Racine College and George Washington University. He dropped out of George Washington University at age 18, to enlist in the 1st Wisconsin Infantry for service in the Spanish-American war. Mitchell could have led a life of wealth and luxury, but instead he chose his own path and wanted to make a name for himself. He entered the army as a junior lieutenant and received a field commission to the Signals Corps in 1898; to which his father had influenced. He was an exceptional junior officer by showing his leadership and courage. After he was commissioned to the Signal Corps, he was transported to Cuba, the Philippines, and Alaska. During this time, Billy Mitchell demonstrated his awesome leadership and organizing skills. With a $5,000 budget to build a telegrap h across Alaska, Mitchell convinced the government to spend $50,000. He became the youngest Captain at the age of 23. After service in the Mexican War, he was attached to the 1912 General staff. He was their youngest member, and in 1915 was assigned Deputy Chief to the aviation section of the Signal Corps, with the rank of Major. During this time Billy Mitchells interest in aviation grew, he saw the potential an air force could have. He learned how to fly in four days at the Curtiss Flying School. Billy Mitchell had taught himself to fly by the famous Wright brothers. Many people thought that Mitchell was not cut out to be a regular army flyer because he had no military training. However, others stated that not only could he fly anything with wings, but fly it well, Lt. Lester J. Maitland. In 1917, Billy Mitchell traveled to France as a military observer. The month after he arrived in France, the U.S. declared war on Germany. This prompted Mitchell to establish himself as U.S. aviation officer in France. He was then promoted to Lt. Colonel in May and the Colonel in August. Billy Mitchell was fluent in French, unlike most of the other officers. This advantage gave him the chance to see that air force power was needed to win the war (World War I). He had begun corresponding with commander Trenchard of the Royal Flying Corps, and was convinced that airpower could be used to a greater advantage. When Billy Mitchell was Chief of the Air Service, he openly proclaimed his opinion on the need for a more direct approach to the advancement of air power. Billy Mitchell wanted the air force to become more than just a defensive weapon; he wanted them to be an offensive department. Mitchell wanted the air force to become a separate force like the Navy. At this point, the air force w as primarily used as another conventional weapon. Mitchell saw that if other countries had utilized the air force, then the U.S. would become a vague military power compared to other countries. In 1918, Mitchell commanded 1,476 aircrafts, 20 balloons (which were mainly used as observers and sometimes combat), and had control of a mixture of British and French squadrons. The battle of Saint-Mihiel would be the greatest projection of the power the air force could yield.Mitchells main argument for wanting to have an air force; was that the air fighters could defend the United States coasts. Nevertheless, military leaders were skeptical on the idea that an airplane could destroy a battleship. No one believed that a small airplane could destroy a battleship, but it was not considered that several air fighters could decimate a warship. Mitchell relied on the peoples favorable opinion to convince Congress and other military leaders to show them the true power of an air fighter. During all of this, Mitchell was agitating and annoying many powerful military leaders. They already had thoughts on his future court-martial, but this would only happen if Mitchell did something very radical. .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 , .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 .postImageUrl , .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 , .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839:hover , .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839:visited , .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839:active { border:0!important; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839:active , .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839 .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue199c424ebc6935c405c2cacccc10839:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Learning to Appreciate Reading and Writing EssayIn 1921, Mitchell destroyed three German bombers and the U.S.S Alabama; to show the awesome power of an air fighter. Many of Mitchells superiors were enraged because he had not gotten permission to show this kind of activity to the public. However, the Army General Staff remained unconvinced that airpower could win a war. Mitchell became even more agitated. Why could they not see the power of the air force? His increasing rebellion toward his superiors finally led them to court-martial him. Billy Mitchell resigned in 1926. Billy Mitchell died in 1936 and did not live to see the day when the military finally saw the true power the air force could yield. Then in 1946, ten years after his death, he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. It was in recognition in his excellent pioneer service and foresight in the American Air Force. Billy Mitchell was a man who should be remembered as a hero. Although in his time he was seen as absurd and rebellious, Mitchell in the end was correct in his ideas. He saw the kind of power the air force could yield and how we needed to utilize that power before any other country did. Billy Mitchell was a prophet ahead of his time. Billy Mitchell is one of Americas greatest and most honorable heroes. Bibliography:

Women’s Literature Essay Example

Women’s Literature Essay In 1971, Ntozake Shange adapted her Zulu/African name that replaced her real name Paulette Williams as a rebellion and a rejection from her middle-class upbringing. Ntozale Shange, meaning â€Å"she who comes with her own things† and â€Å"who walks like a lion,† respectively is born in October 18, 1948.Shange lived the American dream only for a short period of time—for the wealth and cultural background can never protect her from experiencing racism at the age of eight. In St. Louis, she is integrated n the school system of the all-white school. She is not prepared for the kind of school who will mold her to a life full of alienation and frustration. Her gender became an obstacle since it limited her to lots of things just because she was a woman. The gender issues she felt during her formative years translated into having an anti-female aura later on.Five years after their stay in St. Louis, Missouri, the whole family returned to New Jersey. She continued honin g her craft as a writer—writing short stories and poems to express herself while divulging her feelings toward the whole world and the society she is into. Criticisms flowed like water since her works are dominated with a â€Å"black voice,† and eventually discouraged from pursuing her dream, her outlet of emotions, her only companion—the pen and paper. With her four suicide attempts, she managed to continue her life and devote her time to writing and performing arts.She stayed in California after being a graduate form the University of California. During her residence in California, Shange immediately discovered the cathartic effect of the fusion of writing and performing, while redefining her being as a woman determined to declare and disseminate the power and cultural heritage of black women throughout the community (Nelson 422).Ntozake Shane’s proved herself to the limelight in the late 1970s. Four of her best-known dramatic works became the start of her career being a playwright. Her most popular work, For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide/When The Rainbow Is Not Enuf, began as a cycle of seven poems in 1974, and by 1976 it had reached Broadway. Boogie Woogie Landscapes appeared as a one-woman show in 1978 and in play form in 1979. Spell # 7: Geechee Jibara Quik Magic Trance Manual For Technologically Stressed Third World People first appeared in 1979 (Olaniyan 172). It gave way for the mainstream theater to acknowledge the presence of black dramatists in the field of theater arts. The smash hit For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide/When The Rainbow Is Not Enuf won an Obie award in 1977. This breakthrough inspired female playwrights and other scholarly publications to feature black theater arts in the late ‘70s. Her revolutionary pieces about racism and gender issues have been brought around the globe and translated in different languages. This breakthrough started the advocacy for black women in the socie ty.Social MilieuThe 1970s is a decade for the disintegration and decline of the civil rights movement. Court decisions combined with the laws, hoping to put an end to the segregation in the community of white Americans and black Americans did not materialize. As whites fled to the suburbs, businesses relocated outside the city, making it more difficult for African Americans to find work. At the same time the whole American economy is shifting from a manufacturing to a service base; blue-collar jobs are steadily decreasing as white-collar ones became more plentiful—with a requirement for technical skills and a high educational attainment. Most of the underprivileged African Americans are unable to qualify with these requirements. Thus, the black Americans are trapped in an unstable and fluctuating economic crisis bound with a deteriorating physical environment due to poverty (Olson 91).During the 1970s, African-American leaders turned attention to the issue of poverty and the prevalent institutional racism to be reformed by the civil rights movements and advocacies. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 had eliminated many forms of housing discrimination, but African-American leaders concluded that if school integration are to wait for integrated neighborhoods, it will probably never happen. They believed that â€Å"busing† children is the only way to overcome segregation in schools and second-class education for African-American children. However, opponents of the â€Å"busing† claimed that it will only â€Å"disrupt the lives of children and their families.† The Supreme Court, mediating with the two factions, decided to continue the â€Å"busing† since earlier plans of desegregation did not make any improvement in the educational opportunities of the black Americans (Olson 92).The issue on sexism, which is defined as the attitudes toward women because of their gender, became to be a social problem in the ‘70s. Since black famil ies are usually headed by women, the discrimination is much greater compared to a white female American woman. Discrimination varies from employment to bank loans and the administration of appropriate justice. Black women also experience disproportional levels of mental and physical abuse from black men because of more frequent institution barriers and frustrations experienced by black men compared to that of the white men (Hill 45).The civil rights movement joined other prominent groups since they constitute â€Å"only 12 percent of the American population,† hence the force to fight with the drive of equality with these white Americans is fair and influential. They included themselves in the Democratic Party, and labor union leaderships. They slowly won the loyalty of a large number of white Americans in this process. People with fair and just minds will have a natural feeling that â€Å"keeping an individual from the right to vote,† win a position from the public off ice, or go to any school or university on the basis of ethnic group association or race is deemed to be wrong and unjust (Olson 92).Analysis of For Colored GirlsTheatrical performances are not always based on the theoretical formulations of the dramatists. It becomes a process of capturing an identity and bringing it to life. The identity of the characters may reflect the real character of the dramatist, and in the process of conceptualizing the character, the African-American culture and nationalism emerges deep in the roots of Ntozake Shange.Shange’s literary works represent the tortured moment of becoming itself, the moment of emergence and discovery of the true meaning of living. The late 1970’s makes it clear that Shange’s work as a playwright, especially in for colored girls, represented a moment of crucial importance and truth in the black American history. The process of becoming is Shange’s subject, â€Å"our struggle to become all that is forbi dden by our environment, all that is forfeited by our gender, all that we have forgotten.†Much in the history of for colored girls is contributed to the discovery of open form, which Shange used in this collection of poems. One example in the poem for colored girls, she initially visualized the women as anonymous entities of all the cities in America. Women belonged to anyone, as how the society tells them to be. The African-American women are to be nameless, without their own voices for a very long time and now regained their selves as they saw one another living in a different cultural ideology and breaking the traditional stereotypes of women of color. They are beginning to compose themselves with hegemony, with a dictation in their own lives. The unpredictability of the poem for colored girls is evident from the beginning. The dialectic performance of two cultural tongues conjured in a single being is one of the unpredictabilities of the poem. The process of self-expressio n is another unpredictability of the poem. From the use of the art of dancing to the use of the whole poem itself is a transition from one form of art to another. Even the word â€Å"choreopoem,† meaning a piece that is part dance and part language, was coined to describe a kind of writing that â€Å"fits in between all† genres and does justice to â€Å"human beings’ first impulses,† which â€Å"are to move and to speak.†Shange’s use of the word colored represented the other cultural groups as well, not only the African American. Her focus in this selection is the relationship between a black male and a black female, and how oppression became a part of the black American history. There is a paradox about Shange’s poetry, in general. Her works are inscribed with the tensions of a very specific time and place, which is during the 1970s. Indeed, we can see that she also spoke for herself in this selection.This selection also contains a g reat deal of violent behavior with regard to the oppressive white American culture. The hostility can be seen with the attack on the white English such as:i cant count the number of time i have viscerally wanted to attack deform n maim the language that i waz taught to hate myself in†¦. The mess of my fortune to be born black English-speaking†¦(Schlueter 198).This created the verbal distortions that took place in the whole poem for colored girls.Shange’s drama decisively participates in the urgency for freedom and empowerment of women of color. She translated her madness in the poem for colored girls while taking into consideration the young adults and other cultural minorities to be affected with her dramatic composition. The use of two languages as a means of switching from one cultural perspective to another became suggestive to her audiences. The dialogic character is an engagement of the characters to the indefatigable space between the American culture and th e African culture (Olaniyan 121). In effect, this translates in the construction of gender-informed cultural identity, which Shange used as a point of departure for her written account.In the poem for colored girls, there is no one and concrete result to the process of becoming. The unity of the characters, as projected in their dance, established a connection between and among the characters but it does not necessarily mean that they will have the same endings. Therefore, there is no one unifying end. The process of freedom through self-empowerment is the process, in which all the characters are engaged.   What is more, communal expression may well be the only outlet for a certain range of feelings, according to Shange: â€Å"in addition to the obvious stress of racism in poverty/afro-american culture†¦has minimized its emotional vocabulary to the extent that admitting feelings of rage, defeat, frustration is virtually impossible outside a collective voice.† Shangeâ⠂¬â„¢s dramas wander through a maze of personal and collective experience, only to coalesce in a chant that unites the subjective and the inter-subjective (Olaniyan 136). The women of colored girls chant how they have found god in themselves and how they love one another, while dancing together, as a sign of unity for a common belief—freedom, power, and fulfillment, without the oppressive forces to stop them.Shange portrays black men as shallow, ominous beasts and accuse her of neglecting to dramatize the material reasons for oppression. This oppression came from frustrations and insecurities to white men. In retaliation, black men engage in maltreatment of their wives and passing on their personal burdens to the black women. With Shange’s use of dance, in conjunction with drama, it created something exclusively for women alone, with the control of their own pleasure and solidarity apart from the black men.None of these endings, including the discovery of â€Å"godâ⠂¬  and the journey towards spirituality within one’s self, the appreciation and happiness of being black, or the urge to be like a white American woman can dictate the future of the characters (Schlueter 199). It is only the beginning of another journey towards the self-discovery of their destinies and progressive futures. It is an escape for the emptiness and alienation as long as one realizes the potentials of individual effort driven by suffering and despair. It only became a meeting point for them to realize that there is another world in front of them, self-existent and revolutionary, in a way that they themselves can choose to be a part of it.

Definition and Examples of Closed Class Words

Definition and Examples of Closed Class Words In  English grammar,  closed class  refers to the  category of function words- that is, parts of speech (or word classes)- that dont readily accept new members. Contrast with open class. The closed classes in English include pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, and prepositions. See examples and observations below: Examples and Observations [C]losed-class words are those belonging to the grammatical, or function, classes . . .. Function words in English include conjunctions (and, or), articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), and prepositions (to, from, at, with). To take one specific case, consider the word and. The essential feature of the word and is that it functions grammatically to conjoin words and phrases, as seen in the combination of noun phrases the woman and the man. Any change in membership in such a class happens only very slowly (over centuries) and in small increments. Thus, a speaker of English may well encounter dozens of new nouns and verbs during the coming year; but it is extremely unlikely that the English language will acquire a new article (or lose a current one) in the coming year (or even in the speakers lifetime). (Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT, 2001)Prepositions have gradually expanded their membership somewhat by admitting part iciples such as including, concerning, but the remaining classes are very resistant to the introduction of new items. This has been noticeable in recent years when attempts have been made to find gender-neutral pronouns. (Angela Downing and Philip Locke, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2002) Functions of Closed-Class Words Closed-class words or function words are limited in number and act as markers or guides to the structure of a sentence. The role of articles is to signal nouns. Prepositions mark special relationships between persons, objects, and locations. Conjunctions are connectors that link actors or objects, and specify relationships between clauses in the sentence. Open- and closed-class words occupy certain slots in sentences and set up a frame for interpreting the interrelationships between actors, actions, and objects. (Diane McGuinness, Language Development and Learning to Read. MIT, 2005) Open Class Words Evolve to Closed Class Words The closed classes include pronouns (you, them), modal verbs (could, must), determiners (a, the), prepositions (of, in), and conjunctions (and, but). New members of these classes are not added to the language very often. Instead, they tend to gradually evolve from lexical words in a process called grammaticalization. For example, the lexical verb go means to move (toward a goal). But its progressive form be going (to) has evolved into a grammaticalized prospective (future) marker, as in Shes going to love her gift. The movement meaning of go has been bleached out of the grammaticalized version, and so the going in be going to can be considered to be a function word, rather than a content word. The closed classes represent a more restricted range of meanings, and the meanings of closed-class words tend to be less detailed and less referential than open-class words. (M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning. Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Marketing (brand management question) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing (brand management question) - Essay Example A classic example will be DHL. This company won the Platinum Award (Airfreight / Courier Service category) in the Superbrand 2005. Its brand statement is to enhance the customers' businesses by offering express delivery and logistics solutions based on strong local expertise combined with a vast global network. They keep to their words and thus winning glory in the industry. Different from the business markets, consumer markets will need more product features and advertising for their product. The audience for consumer markets branding involve the general public, in which the variance of needs and desires are greater than a business markets. Dell Computer is the example of this category of branding. It manages to position itself as a customize personal computer provider. This is collaborated by its successful supply chain management which makes it its brand identity. A "branded house" means a company which itself is a brand. The products come under this company will be the subset of the main brand. In branding, it gains level of acceptance and importance in short time due to the previous identification with the parent brand. Take for example, Hewlett Packard. This brand name covers products from laptops, desktops, Palmtops to even printers. All the products carry the same brand HP though they have names and are under different product category. It enters the market of palm tops easily despite the effort by Palm Plc. In contrary to that, a "house of brand" would be a company that markets a range of brands. A classic will be the Procter and Gamble (P&G). It comprises a lot of brands from different product categories such as Duracell the battery, Pantene the shampoo, Olay the beauty products, Mr. Clean the household cleaner, Braun the oral care products and many more. 3. Discuss the risks and benefit of brand extension. Research detailed examples of each. The benefit for a company to use a successful for brand extension could help it to enter a new product category. Examples are like the Fairy brand (Unilever) which extended from washing up liquid to washing powder and Lucozade which extends from a children's health drink to sports drink. This brought advantages to the company as it does not post doubt on the customers which presume the product as a newly launched products. It sustains the trust on a single brand to an extended product under the same brand. However, a failure in doing so could cause damage. Firstly, it is the dilution effect of the brand by products. The example is like when people talk about Fairy, it is not just only a washing liquid anymore. Secondly, it posts difficulties to connect with the parent brand names. Imagine if Colgate is marketing a candy product. It will be a disaster to the brand as the messages from the brand is inconsistent. 4. Discuss factors involved in successful brand differentiation. The key factors that could drive a successful brand differentiation are Desire for sustainable brand differentiation The company and its employees would need to have the same vision on brand differentiation as both are involve in making the strategy a success. Without management support or

Unit 2 DB Introduction to American Court System Essay

Unit 2 DB Introduction to American Court System - Essay Example In other words, the Rules are purposeful in eliminating evidences that may lead to unfair prejudice against a party. One case that illustrates inadmissibility of character evidence in a criminal proceeding is the Greenberg v. Aetna Ins. Co., 427 Pa. 494, 235 A.2d 582 (1967) in which it was established that the plaintiff was erroneously permitted to testify that he had a a heroic record having served in the U.S. army during WWII (Pacode, N.d.). The admissibility of character evidence in respect of a rape victim as presented by a defendant is limited if the court case is for assault, intent to commit rape or rape. If the defendant seeks to use opinion or reputation evidence to show the sexual conduct of the rape victim, the character evidence remains inadmissible (Scott, 2000) as it may be inflammatory. The defendant, however, may only enjoy admissibility of character evidence if they intend to show specific instances of behaviour by a sex victim in proof of the claim that a party different from the defendant was the source of injury, semen or other physical evidence. Alternatively, the defendant may enjoy admissibility of character evidence to show that their sexual behaviour with the victim was consented to by both parties. In the two cases, the evidence is used solely to prove the defendant’s

Performance Management Cycle Properties

Performance Management Cycle Properties The performance management cycle is a premiere technique used by many companies to guide their performance management system. It is regarded as a continuous, future oriented and participative system; as an ongoing cycle of criteria setting, monitoring, informal feedback from supervisors and peer, formal multisource assessment, diagnosis and review action planning and development resourcing (Bach1999; Williams 2002). The Performance Management cycle involves a continuous learning process as stated by Kaufman, R., Thiagarajan, S., MacGillis, P.1997 Performance is not a one shot process, it is ongoing. The continuous improvement and quality management process is vital. An organisations survival depends on it to be done correctly and consistently. Though the above authors identified that it is a continuous process Bach1999; Williams 2002 went on to say that it is far more than a simple process, there are many facets of this cycle. The Performance Management cycle comprises of planning, monitoring, developing, rating and rewarding and back to planning again Neely (1998), but on the other hand, many view performance management to be one step process of appraising the individual only, but as the following cycle explains there is more to performance management than appraising. This cycle provides a framework to help organisations and employees better manage the process of performance management which aids in the future success of the organisation. This research will analyse each aspect of this cycle to assess how it relates to the processes being used at AATT. Performance Management Cycle PLANNING The first step of this continuous cycle is to plan. Planning entails developing and setting performance objectives. Armstrong (2004:488) defines objectives as what organizations, functions, departments and individuals are expected to achieve over a period of time. It is important that company values and goals used as the basis for goal setting be understood and communicated to all employees and managers. Objectives, or goals, are the foundation for good performance. These objectives are used to provide a well thought-out approach to the achievement of the desired performance level for individuals and teams. Employees are usually involved in the planning process, this helps them understand their goals of the organization, what needs to be done; why it needs to be done and how well it should be done. Many companies involve their employees in the process so they can identify and understand the required behaviours. This enables the company to produce plans to meet the objectives of the company and enhance the knowledge, skills and competencies, also reinforcing desired behaviours. This was reinforced by Ducker (1954), He stated that the planning process typically done by senior managers should be prepared by all employee, they should partake in the strategic planning process which would give the employees a sense of ownership and responsibility to fulfil their objectives. Drucker (1954) also contradicted his statement by saying managers are responsible for achieving results. However the researcher is of the opinion that the planning phase should not be left to the managers alone as the employee are the lifeline of an organisation and careful planning and involvement of the employee will encourage them to work along their seniors to foster a successful company. An analysis will be conducted to identify whether this step currently is being enforced at AATT and if the result of this is clear and concise objectives. Monitoring Monitoring entails continuously measuring performance and its effectiveness in achieving the organisation set objectives in the planning process. It also allows the company to update and refine any current and future demands which may arise. This enables the organisation to stay on the right part. During the monitoring phase, its important to keep notes. Document both positive and negative performance issues, and make notes consistently throughout the performance management cycle. Specific instances should be looked at when employees meet and exceed expectations, and when they fall short of performance goals. These notes should be objective, job-related and accurate, focusing on behavior and void of personal option and emotion. Based on these findings the supervisor will be able to identify the employees strengths and shortcomings. The shortcomings are then addressed in the developmental stage of the performance cycle. Development At the development stage the developmental needs of the employee are assessed and addressed. This phase focuses on the improvement of current knowledge and skills and also on the development of new ones. This improvement is done via coaching; training and giving assignments that challenges the employee to take on more responsibility which improves their skills and ability. At This development stage many companies offer training and developmental opportunities to their employees but on the other hand some companies completely disregard this stage of the performance management cycle as they see it as the employees responsibility to further their development and also they avoid the costliness of training programs. The researcher will look at how AATT assess and implements this phase and the employees reactions to implemented training programs. Appraising This phase of the cycle is most synonymous with performance management. It is regularly regarded as the only step in performance management, though this is not the case. At this phase in the cycle the employee is assessed on their performance. When used correctly, performance appraisals can be powerful career development tool and help a company retain its current workforce by boosting performance and morale. According to Flippo (1984) performance appraisal is the systematic, periodic and an impartial rating of an employees excellence in the matters pertaining to his present job and his potential for a better job. As stated this phase enables the company to measure the employee performance and assess if they are meeting the objectives set out at the planning phase, it also allows the company to identify the employee weaknesses, strengthens, and opportunities for further development/ promotion. He also went on to point out that it should be unbiased, this is of great concern for many e mployees as they something feels that the evaluator is prejudiced and they cannot highlight their concerns. The following factors are critical for an effective performance appraisal, these are: proper documentation, Clear cut objectives and goals, Simple understandable evaluation format, evaluation technique, communication and feedback. Picket (2003 pp 237-240) states that the performance review continues in many organisations despite evidence that it has the potential to be one of the most effective management tools in the entire kit. However, according to Steers and Black (1994), performance appraisal is one of the most important and often one of the most mishandled aspects of management. This scenario is one of great concern considering the importance of the evaluator to the success of the appraisal process; Imundo (1993 p158) stated that it is an inherent responsibility of those in managerial positions to pass judgment on what employees do with respect to meeting job requirements. He went on to say While individual employees are responsible for their own performance, it is supervisors who should shoulder overall responsibility for the performance of the unit under their direction. In light of the above, in todays organisation many managers have little or no training concerning the evaluation of employees. As a result of this lack of training supervisors are not equipped to provide proper assessment and effective feedback. Therefore sometimes employees are left up to the own initiative to manage their department and personal performance. Recent studies suggest that organizations fail to conduct effective rigorous, skills-based training and rater training with their managers (Fink, and Longenecker, 1998). Torrington and Hall (1991) stressed that appraisers need training on how to appraise and how to conduct appraisal interviews. However, many organisations stray from this and they provide the manager with the appraisal forms and instructions on how to complete the form and the rating schemes. This procedure currently utilized by organisations underhands the appraisal process. However, Bacal (2001 p 201) states that: Performance appraisal isnt about the forms. The ultimate purpose of performance appraisal is to allow employees and managers to improve continuously and to remove barriers to job success, in other words, to make everyone better. Forms dont make people better, and are simply a way of recording basic information for later reference. If the focus is getting the forms done, without thought and effort, the whole process becomes at best a waste of time, and at worst, insulting. Bacal highlighted that the mundane process of form filling is not what an appraisal is all about, you have to look at the bigger picture which is the successful attainment of the organisations strategic objectives and the success of the organisation. There are many techniques and methods to performance appraisal such as the traditional methods and the Morden methods. These are highlighted below: Traditional Methods Description Morden methods Description ESSAY APPRAISAL METHOD BEHAVIORALLY ANCHORED RATING SCALES(BARS) STRAIGHT RANKING METHOD HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING METHOD PAIRED COMPARISON 360-Degree-Performance-Appraisal Method CRITICAL INCIDENTS METHODS Management By Objectives(MBO) Method FIELD REVIEW CHECKLIST METHOD GRAPHIC RATING SCALE FORCED DISTRIBUTION The researcher will assess the above methods and examine the different approaches and methodologies which relates to Performance Management at AATT. If these factors are adhered to, they assist the company in formulating strategies for the employee future promotion and rewards. Rewarding The final phase in the cycle is rewarding. At the rewarding phase, the employee or team is recognized and acknowledged with regards to their ability to attain the organisations set objectives in the planning phase. These rewards may be monetary, non-monetary, such as praising the employee for a job well done, and promotions. The researcher will assess if and how AATT determines reward. What Should organisations manage? The most widely recognized and implemented approach to measure performance is the Balanced Scorecard Approach. This is now widely used as a strategy development and execution tool .This approach was developed by Kaplan and Norton (1992, 1996), it provides a system of aligning business actions to the vision and strategy of the organization, improving internal and external communications, and monitoring organization performance against strategic goals it focuses on measurement and evaluation using criteria that will provide a balanced view rather than using only the financial criteria. The four perspectives which Kaplan and Norton recommended that managers assess their employees on are: The financial perspective -This perspective measures the financial outcomes of the organisation. These may include profits, new commercial business ventures or it can be result based. The customers perspective An organisation success depends on their customers, as such, this perspective measures the customers satisfaction and their perception of the organisation. The data collected allows the organisation to gauge if they are effectively satisfying their customers needs and if there is a need for further improvement. The internal business perspective This perspective focuses on the organizations critical internal operations which enable the organisation to attain customer satisfaction. It includes the infrastructure, long and short term goals and objectives, organisational procedures, and human resources. The innovation and learning perspective This perspective cover the organisations ability to innovate, learn, and improve. This links directly with the values of the organisation. For the Balanced scorecard approach to be effective the manager should have the capability to observe and take note of several instruments and measures concurrently. It is frequently stated that one of the main benefits of the Balanced Scorecard, is that is translates strategy into action. However, despite its popularity Norreklit (2003) questioned the existence of a causal relationship between the different perspectives, the fact that this system does not address the needs and wants of all the stakeholders of a company; and the lack of theory behind the scorecard concept. Notwithstanding this criticism the balance scorecard approach has proven to be an appropriate tool to address the organisation performance and if the four perspectives are properly assessed in the end the company and their stakeholders will benefit from their success. As part of this research the researcher will use this universally known model to assess the performance measurement system at AATT. Performance management as a motivational tool. Understand each individuals motivations and triggers can assist an organisation to motivate their employee to perform at their maximum potential. Performance management is constantly associated with theories of motivation. There are several written motivational theories in literature, with the most popular being; Taylor (1890, 1911) Scientific Management, Maslows (1954) needs hierarchy theory, Locke and Ladham (1968, 1990) goal setting theory, Herzbergs 1957 two-factors theory, and Vroom 1964 expectancy theory. Frederick Winslow Taylor (1890, 1911), put forward the idea that workers are motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management argued that workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close supervision and control; therefore managers should break down production into a series of small tasks. Workers should then be given appropriate training and tools so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task. Workers are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay. As a result workers are encouraged to work hard and maximise their productivity. However this approach became repetitive and insulting to the workers as they felt like they were being treated like human machines. This theory is often linked to Macgregors two fundamental approaches to managing people, theory X and theory Y, namely theory X which speaks to employees being self-serving, unwilling to take on responsibility and essentially only working for money. It follows an authoritarian management style. On the other hand theory Y speaks to a participative management style saying work is as natural as rest or play, without the threat of punishment people will work to pursue organizational objectives and people accept and seek out responsibility, which is what the performance management cycle is all about, including the employee in the process. Elton Mayo went against those theories saying that workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work. This factor was ignored by Taylor. Mayo introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers actively communicating to their employees, and treating them as individuals who have meaningful opinions. His theory most aligns with the paternalistic management style and incorporates elements of the performance management cycle, whereby employees are encouraged to give their opinion and work alongside management. Abraham Maslow (1954) in conjunction with Frederick Herzberg 1957 introduced the Neo-Human Relations School in the 1950s, which focused on the psychological needs of employees. Maslow put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work. These are identified in the figure below. It is a bottom up approach, he identified that if certain need cannot be met the person will not be motivated to move on to the other level. Whereas, Hertzbergs two-factor theory are hygiene factors and motivator factors. Hygiene factors speak to the need for a business to avoid unpleasantness at work. If these factors are inadequate for employees, they therefore can cause discontent at work. Hygiene factors include: Company policies and administration Wages, salaries and other financial remuneration Quality of supervision Quality of inter-personal relations Working conditions Feelings of job security Motivator factors are based on the individual need for personal development. When they exist, motivator factors actively create job satisfaction. If they are effective, then they can motivate an individual to achieve above-average performance and effort. Motivator factors include: Status Opportunity for advancement Gaining recognition Responsibility Challenging / stimulating work Sense of personal achievement personal growth in a job There are similarities between Maslow (1954) and Frederick Herzberg theories; they both suggest that needs have to be satisfied for the employee to be motivated. However, Herzberg argues that only the higher levels of the Maslow Hierarchy (e.g. self-actualisation, esteem needs) act as a motivator. The remaining needs can only cause dissatisfaction if not addressed. (Motivation in theory n.d.) These motivational theories can be applied to a wide range of management functions, but these will be used by the researcher to fulfil her objective of determine the Performance Management process as it relates to the motivation of employees in the workplace and how it is implemented in the organization and the impact it has on the motivation of employees. This chapter outlined literature key to the researchers study of performance management as it relates to AATT. The following chapter will address the methodologies the researcher will utilize to ascertain her objectives. Drucker, P., The Practice of Management, Harper, New York, 1954; Heinemann, London, 1955; revised edn, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007 The Economist Guide to Management Ideas and Gurus, by Tim Hindle Flippo, E. B. 1984. Personnel management. 6th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Steers, R.M. Black, J.S. 1994. Organizational behaviour. Ed. ke-5. New York: Harper Collins. Grote, R.C. Grote, D. 2002. The performance appraisal question and answer book: a survival guide for managers. AMACOM. Les Pickett, (2003) Transforming the annual fiasco, Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 35 Iss: 6, pp.237 240 Armstrong, M Baron, A 2005, Managing performance: Performance management in action. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. Weiss, Tracey B., and Franklin Hartle, Reengineering Performance Management, Breakthroughs in Achieving Strategy Through People, St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton, 1997. Pg 3-6 Kaufman, R. (1997). A Strategic Planning Framework: Mega Planning. In Kaufman, R., Thiagarajan, S., MacGillis, P. (Editors), The Handbook for Performance Improvement. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer Co/Division of Jossey-Bass Laurence S. Fink, Clinton Oliver Longenecker, (1998) Training as a performance appraisal improvement strategy, Career Development International, Vol. 3 Iss: 6, pp.243 251 Douglas Maxx, Robert Bacall. 2001. Perfect Phrases for Performance Reviews 2/E. McGraw-Hill Professional p 201. Neely A., Adams C. and Kennerley M, (2002), The Performance Prism: The Scorecard for Measuring and Managing Business Success, London, UK: Financial Times Prentice Hall Norreklit, H. (2003), The Balanced Scorecard: What Is the Score? A Rhetorical Analysis of the Balanced Scorecard., Accounting, Organisations and Society, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 591. KAPLAN, R. S. and NORTON, D. P. 1992. The Balanced Scorecard: Measures that Drive Performance, Harvard Business Review, Jan-Feb, pp. 71-79. KAPLAN, R. S. and NORTON, D. P. 1996. Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System, Harvard Business Review, Jan-Feb pp 75 -85. HERZBERG, F. et al. 1957. The motivation to work. 2nd ed. New York LOCKE, E.A. 1968. Towards a Theory of Task Motivation and Incentives, Organisational Behaviour and Human Performance, Vol. 14, No.2, pp. 157-189. LOCKE, E.A. and LADHAM, G.P. 1990. A Theory of Goal setting and Task Performance, New York, NY: Prentice-Hall. MCCLELLAND, P. C. 1975. Causal explanation and model building in history, economics and the new economy. Ithaca; London : Cornell University Press. Maslow, Abraham (1954). Motivation and Personality. Harper and Row New York: VROOM, V.H. 1964. Work and Motivation., New York, NY: John Wiley. TAYLOR, F. W. 1890. The rise of scientific management. Madison; London : University of Wisconsin Press. TAYLOR, F. W., 1911. The principles of scientific management. London : Harper Brothers. http://tutor2u.net/business/people/motivation_theory_herzberg.asp motivation in theory Neely, A 1998, Measurement of business performance why, what and how, The Economist, London.